This is certainly a new one! tunerfish, can you please provide some more information about exactly where you see this problem and where you don't? From what you said, I can't tell if you mean the same things we do with some of the terminology you used.
For example, you mentioned message boxes, but I don't know precisely what you mean by that.
You also mentioned aircraft names and other text in menu selection boxes. Can you explain in more detail exactly where you mean? I don't know if they're missing from the aircraft/airport quick select menus (available via gadget tabs), or from the full MFC aircraft/airport selection dialogs (available via main menu). Feel free to add a bunch more screenshots. It might help. And if you need more clarification from me first in order to answer these questions, just ask.
The one screenshot you did add looks pretty blurry, but I don't know if that's just because it's a low resolution image or if it actually accurately reflects what you're seeing in the sim. What kind of graphics card do you have?